生產(chǎn)性服務業(yè)集聚與城市生產(chǎn)率——差異化學習效應、選擇效應與分類效應

摘要： 根據(jù)異質性企業(yè)理論,生產(chǎn)性服務業(yè)集聚通過兩個途徑影響城市的生產(chǎn)率:即集聚的專業(yè)化分工和學習效應直接提升企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)率;企業(yè)的選址行為形成選擇效應和分類效應,從而優(yōu)化城市的資源配置提升生產(chǎn)率。使用中國工業(yè)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫2003-2007年的數(shù)據(jù)對理論預測進行檢驗,結果表明:(1)學習效應是集聚效應的主要來源,并且與企業(yè)生產(chǎn)率顯著正相關,這表明高生產(chǎn)率企業(yè)傾向選址在集聚區(qū),存在選擇效應。(2)擁擠效應顯著存在,市轄區(qū)尤其嚴重,市轄區(qū)的擁擠效應平均比全地區(qū)高1. 22%。(3)生產(chǎn)性服務業(yè)集聚顯著增加市轄區(qū)低生產(chǎn)率企業(yè)退出市場的概率,每平方公里增加100個生產(chǎn)性服務就業(yè),企業(yè)退出的概率增加26. 91%,分類效應在市轄區(qū)顯著存在。(4)生產(chǎn)性服務業(yè)集聚對城市生產(chǎn)率的影響是學習效應、分類效應和選擇效應共同作用的結果。由此,可發(fā)展大都市圈,使制造業(yè)適度分散或與中心城區(qū)保持適度的距離,以更大程度地獲得集聚效應。
Under the heterogeneous firm theory,we analyze and argue that there are two ways for producer services agglomeration effecting on the city productivity,one is promoting firm productivity by agglomeration effect,another is optimizing allocation of city resources by selection effect and sorting effect which are from site selection of heterogeneous enterprises. Using china industrial enterprises data of years 2003-2007,empirical analysis finds:(1) Agglomeration effect is mainly from learning effect,and has significant positive correlation with firm productivity,this indicates high productivity firms tend to select location in agglomeration areas,there is selection effect.(2) There is significant crowding effect,especially in municipal district,crowding effect in municipal district is more than the one in the whole city by 1. 22 percent.(3) Producer services agglomeration will enhance the exit probability of low productivity firms in municipal district,producer services increase 100 employments per square kilometer,the exit probability will enhance by 26. 91 percent,there is significant sorting effect.( 4) Producer services agglomeration influences city productivity by agglomeration effect,sorting effect and selection effect.